Austrian law contains mechanisms for pursuing claims in group proceedings which, however, do not constitute a typical class action mechanism:
They are:
What is more, in order to pursue claims in group proceedings the mechanism of the joint examination of several cases based on § 227 of the Austrian Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung, ZPO) may be used, as allowed by Oberster Geritshof (Austrian Supreme Court) in a landmark judgment rendered in the case with file reference no. 4 Ob 116/05.
Within this mechanism individual interested parties entrust asserting claims before a court to one entity (a natural person or organization); in this regard, the aforementioned settlement is close to the opt-in model whereby claims pursued jointly remain separate, therefore in the final judgment the courts have to include a separate verdict concerning each of them.
On the other hand, representative actions are brought generally to the initiative of an entitled organisation (e.g. one of those mentioned in § 29 of the KSchG or in § 14 of the UWG; natural persons, legal persons and organisational units other than those expressly indicated in the statute are not eligible). One of them is the Consumer Association (der Verein für Konsumenteninformation, VKI), which is adequate in the field of consumer protection.
[Joint examination of cases] Under § 227 ZPO, cases may be heard jointly, when:
Combining cases for joint examination is an institution applicable to all cases falling within the competence of a civil court, except for family law cases (where other rules apply).
The cases where the Austrian Supreme Court allowed for the “collective action” for the first time were connected to damages related to the use of financial services and more specifically – the failure to provide consumers with required mandatory information.
The ZPO does not provide for any particular certification procedure. The court decides whether to combine cases for joint examination either to a motion of a party or to its own motion (ex officio). In principle, the court’s judgement in this scope is final and unappealable.
Austrian law does not prescribe any minimum number of cases to be examined jointly within individual proceedings in the model laid down in § 227 ZPO.
[Representative actions] The representing entity files a lawsuit in favour of the interested parties. From that moment onwards the representing entity is the only claimant in the case.
Organizations entitled to initiate the proceedings are not obligated to notify all the potentially interested parties of the intention to bring an action and they simply announce the initiation of the proceedings in the usually adopted manner. E.g. the Consumer Association identifies members of a group to be represented in the future by collecting (via its website) reports about detected infringements of law. Next to initiating the proceedings to their own initiative, the Consumer Association brings representative actions also to the recommendations of the Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection.
In the event of joint examination of cases under § 227 ZPO, any and all types of relief available under civil law cases are possible. Austrian law provides for redress both in cases of material and non-material damage, however, so-called punitive damages are not allowed. A resolution made by the court in one of the joined cases does not determine the manner of resolution of the remaining cases, although in practice they will frequently overlap due to identical factual and legal bases.
In the case of a representative action, an adjudication action (e.g. for awarding damages) is not allowed. The aim of such an action is for the court to order the cessation of specific actions by the defendant (e.g. infringing on consumer rights or fair competition principles).
In accordance with the general rules, the costs of proceedings are charged to the losing party. In relation therewith, a more frequently practiced solution entails bringing an action to the initiative of an organisation (acting on its own behalf) which is obligated to pay trial costs only once, regardless of the number of entities it represents. The reimbursement of the costs by the losing party may also be obtained only by the representative being a claimant.
The so-called contingency fees are forbidden under Austrian law (so the rule that an attorney is entitled to remuneration only in the case of winning is not applicable), notwithstanding, contracts providing for so-called performance fees are allowed and used in practice. According to this mechanism the remuneration is paid unconditionally, however, in the case of winning the attorney is entitled to an additional “bonus” (premium “for success”).
In Austria the practice of financing the abovementioned proceedings by third persons has functioned for several years. The possibility of obtaining such funding from an external institution professionally performing such operations in practice is, as a general rule, dependent on value of the subject of the dispute (it has to exceed EUR 50,000 in total). These rules are not subject to any statutory regulations, so obtaining such support actually depends only on an agreement between the interested parties (party) and the supporting entity.
According to the Consumer Association report for 2015, 240 “group” proceedings were conducted in Austria, including 113 “model” cases and 118 initiated by representative actions.
The year 2007 saw the first draft concerning the introduction of a typical class action into the Austrian legal system. So far, however, despite numerous signals that a class action mechanism needs to be introduced indeed, no provisions that would constitute a separate regulation in this area have been implemented. A heated public debate in this regard is ongoing in connection with the wave of proceedings in the wake of the so-called “Volkswagen affair”.
In early September 2018 the Consumer Association initiated a number of proceedings based on § 227 ZPO, where approximately 10,000 individual cases of persons injured in the fuel affair were accumulated. For this purpose 16 lawsuits in 16 different countries had to be filed. On the same principle also another organisation, Cobinclaims brings forth actions acting on behalf of entrepreneurs injured by Volkswagen S.A. The organisation indicates that until September 2018 more than 12,000 persons interested in group proceedings have come forward. In both cases proceedings are financed by a third entity in exchange for a percentage of the win. This is the largest wave of group cases in Austria so far.